linux – 为什么ELF部分之间没有未使用的空白空间？

似乎在 Linux上使用gcc 4.9.2创建的二进制文件(Ubuntu 15.04,32位)在.eh_frame和.init_array节之间有几千个未使用的字节. objdump -h为简单可执行文件输出的示例：

Sections:
Idx Name          Size      VMA       LMA       File off  Algn
[...]
 16 .eh_frame     000000c0  080484ac  080484ac  000004ac  2**2
                  CONTENTS,ALLOC,LOAD,READONLY,DATA
 17 .init_array   00000004  08049f08  08049f08  00000f08  2**2
                  CONTENTS,DATA
[...]

.eh_frame以文件偏移量0x56c结束,但.init_array从0xf08开始,留下一个0x99c = 2460字节的漏洞.所有其他部分在上一部分结束后立即开始.

未使用空间的大小会有所不同,因此很难观察到某些更改如何影响代码大小.

这个洞来自哪里？有没有办法避免它？

更新：输出ld –verbose：

$cat so.c

int main() {
    return 0;
}

$gcc so.c -Wl,--verbose -o so
GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.25
  Supported emulations:
   elf_i386
   i386linux
   elf32_x86_64
   elf_x86_64
   elf_l1om
   elf_k1om
   i386pep
   i386pe
using internal linker script:
==================================================
/* Script for -z combreloc: combine and sort reloc sections */
/* Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation,Inc.
   Copying and distribution of this script,with or without modification,are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
   notice and this notice are preserved.  */
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386","elf32-i386","elf32-i386")
OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
ENTRY(_start)
SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/i686-linux-gnu/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/i686-linux-gnu/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib");
SECTIONS
{
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  .init           :
  {
    KEEP (*(SORT_NONE(.init)))
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  {
    *(.text.unlikely .text.*_unlikely .text.unlikely.*)
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  .rodata1        : { *(.rodata1) }
  .eh_frame_hdr : { *(.eh_frame_hdr) }
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  .exception_ranges*) }
  /* Adjust the address for the data segment.  We want to adjust up to
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  /* Exception handling  */
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  .tdata          : { *(.tdata .tdata.* .gnu.linkonce.td.*) }
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  .preinit_array     :
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    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
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    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
  }
  .init_array     :
  {
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
    KEEP (*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.init_array.*) SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.ctors.*)))
    KEEP (*(.init_array EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtbegin.o *crtbegin?.o *crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
  }
  .fini_array     :
  {
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
    KEEP (*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.fini_array.*) SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dtors.*)))
    KEEP (*(.fini_array EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtbegin.o *crtbegin?.o *crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
  }
  .ctors          :
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    /* gcc uses crtbegin.o to find the start of
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       actually link against crtbegin.o; the
       linker won't look for a file to match a
       wildcard.  The wildcard also means that it
       doesn't matter which directory crtbegin.o
       is in.  */
    KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.ctors))
    KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.ctors))
    /* We don't want to include the .ctor section from
       the crtend.o file until after the sorted ctors.
       The .ctor section from the crtend file contains the
       end of ctors marker and it must be last */
    KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
    KEEP (*(SORT(.ctors.*)))
    KEEP (*(.ctors))
  }
  .dtors          :
  {
    KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.dtors))
    KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.dtors))
    KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
    KEEP (*(SORT(.dtors.*)))
    KEEP (*(.dtors))
  }
  .jcr            : { KEEP (*(.jcr)) }
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    SORT(CONSTRUCTORS)
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   *(.dynbss)
   *(.bss .bss.* .gnu.linkonce.b.*)
   *(COMMON)
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      FIXME: Why do we need it? When there is no .bss section,we don't
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}


==================================================
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crt1.o
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crti.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crti.o
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/crtbegin.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/crtbegin.o
attempt to open /tmp/ccQ0fTTK.o succeeded
/tmp/ccQ0fTTK.o
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc.a succeeded
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc_s.so succeeded
-lgcc_s (/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc_s.so)
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libc.a failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libc.so succeeded
opened script file /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libc.so
opened script file /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/libc.so
attempt to open /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 succeeded
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
attempt to open /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a succeeded
(/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a)elf-init.oS
attempt to open /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-linux.so.2 succeeded
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-linux.so.2
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-linux.so.2
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc.so failed
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc.a succeeded
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc_s.so succeeded
-lgcc_s (/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/libgcc_s.so)
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/crtend.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/crtend.o
attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crtn.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.9/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crtn.o
ld-linux.so.2 needed by /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
found ld-linux.so.2 at /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-linux.so.2

解决方法

>只读数据.
>可以在加载时修复的非延迟重定位.
>数据.

现在,.eh_frame部分标记为READONLY,因此它进入第一部分.

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